Analog to digital converter is an electronic device , it is also known as ADC. It's convert analog signal to digital signal we can say that convert continuous signal to discrete signal .
Continuous signal is known as analog signal and discrete signal is also known as digital signal.
Continuous signal is known as analog signal and discrete signal is also known as digital signal.
Analog signal to digital signal converter is work on two step process .
-sampling and holding(S/H)
- quantizing and Encoding(Q/E)
●Circuit diagram of A to D conversion:
First of all , We discuss about important circuits using in A to D conversion
●ATTENUATOR:
An Attenuator is a electronic device. It is use for reduce power of signal without distorting it's waveform. a Attenuator is opposite of Amplifier, An Amplifier provide gain but An Attenuator provide less gain , we can say that Attenuator reduces the value of gain . It is simple passive electronic device and it's device made from simple voltage divider network.Basic circuit uses in Attenuator are π-type & T-type , they may be according to required to be balanced & unbalanced , the Attenuator circuits consists solely of passive resistor elements , it's both linear combination & Reciprocal combination .
"Attenuator circuit use in many Application"
- For lower voltage
- Dissipate of power
- Improve impedance matching
- To protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage.
- Dissipate of power
- Improve impedance matching
- To protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage.
●Attenuator circuit:
Ï€ -type unbalanced circuit:-
Ï€-type balanced circuit:-
T-type unbalanced circuit:-
T-type balanced circuit:-
●COMPARATOR:
Comparator a electronic circuit device which compare between to input Voltage Or current , in Comparator two analog inputs and one digital output . A Comparator is consists higher gain differential Amplifier. We know that , in Comparator has two input + & - , when the voltage on + input in greater the voltage of - input then digital output get 1 , and when the voltage on + input in less then voltage on - input then the digital output of Comparator in get 0.
For a comparator circuit, a high gain amplifier is needed so that even small changes on the input result in the output level firmly switching. Comparators are classified into various kinds, such as electronic, electrical, mechanical, optical, sigma, digital and pneumatic comparators, these are used in various applications. The comparator circuit mainly designe without feedback for open loop configuration. These device widely used in A/D converters
●Flip-Flop:
Flip-Flop an electronic circuit , it device widely use in electronics. It is a data storage elements with two stable state that can be use to store binary data , the state represent the working of flip flop is 1 & 0 we already know about 1 & 0 in electronics the stored data can be changed by applying input signal in flip-flops , the Flip-Flop is configured by sequential logic. Flip-flops is fundamental building blocks elements of electronics . The flip-flop circuits can be made to change state by signal , applied to one or more input signal by and will have one or two output . We can use flip-flops in counting pulses . And the flip flop circuit mainly involves in bounce elimination switch, data storage, data transfer, latch, registers, counters, frequency division, memory, computer , Mobile ,
we can define flip-flops in two types
- synchronous flip-flops
-Asynchronous flip-flops
-Asynchronous flip-flops
In -Asynchronous flip-flops clock is not required , it's self timed circuits but in synchronous flip-flops clock is required it's not self timed circuits , when we use synchronous flip-flops we required clock circuits.
Many other types of flip-flops :-
-SR Flip-flop
-JK Flip-flop
-D Flip-flop
-T Flip-flop
1. SR flip-flop:
-SR flip-flop also known as SET - RESET flip-flop . S is represent SET & R is represent RESET . It's two inputs & two output. -SR flip-flop is made from interconnected logic gate , according to shown in figure. The SR flip-flop is constructed use two cross-coupled digital logic gate. The basic SR flip-flop is an important bistable circuit because all the other types of flip-flop are built from it , The basic SR flip-flop has two inputs S (set) and R (reset) and two outputs Q and Q' with one of these outputs being the complement of the other. Then the SR flip-flop is a two-input, two-output device. Consider the circuits below.
2. JK Flip-flop:
- Jk Flip-flop is basic building block of logic gates . It better then of SR flip-flops we can say that JK Flip-flop is modified form of SR Flip-flop . In JK Flip-flop both input is Hight but output is alternative High and low. The symbol for a JK flip flop is similar to that of an SR Flip-flops,Both the S and the R inputs of the previous SR Flip-flop have now been replaced by two inputs called the J and K inputs, respectively its inventor Jack Kilby. Then this equates to: J = S and K = R. The two 2-input AND gates of the gated SR Flip-flop have now been replaced by two 3-input NAND gates with the third input of each gate connected to the outputs at Q and Q' . This cross coupling of the SR flip-flop allows the previously invalid condition of S = “1” and R = “1” state to be used to produce a “toggle action” as the two inputs are now interlocked.
Counter circuit is one of the fundamental circuit in digital electronics . Counter circuit is use for counting Number of pulse . It is made by Flip-flops, we can say that counter circuit is group of flip-flops
●Binary Ladder:
A Binary Ladder Circuits is construct of resistors having only two values and thus overcomes the disadvantages of weighted resistors. The left end of the ladder is terminated in 2 R, Assuming that all digital inputs are at ground,
We can understand easily About binary Ladder by given figure
●Decoder :
- Jk Flip-flop is basic building block of logic gates . It better then of SR flip-flops we can say that JK Flip-flop is modified form of SR Flip-flop . In JK Flip-flop both input is Hight but output is alternative High and low. The symbol for a JK flip flop is similar to that of an SR Flip-flops,Both the S and the R inputs of the previous SR Flip-flop have now been replaced by two inputs called the J and K inputs, respectively its inventor Jack Kilby. Then this equates to: J = S and K = R. The two 2-input AND gates of the gated SR Flip-flop have now been replaced by two 3-input NAND gates with the third input of each gate connected to the outputs at Q and Q' . This cross coupling of the SR flip-flop allows the previously invalid condition of S = “1” and R = “1” state to be used to produce a “toggle action” as the two inputs are now interlocked.
It is a circuit that has two stable states and can store one bit of state information. The output changes state by signals applied to one or more control inputs
Many other Flip-flops in digital electronics
D-Flip-flop
T- Flip-flop
....
●Counter :
Counter circuit is one of the fundamental circuit in digital electronics . Counter circuit is use for counting Number of pulse . It is made by Flip-flops, we can say that counter circuit is group of flip-flops
Counter circuit is mainly decided in two types..
-Asynchronous
-Synchronous
Asynchronous counters are those whose output is free from the clock signal. Because the flip flops in asynchronous counters are supplied with different clock signals, there may be delay in producing output. And Synchronous counters are counters in which all the flip flops are triggered simultaneously by the clock input pulses .
Counter circuit is one of the fundamental circuit in digital electronics . Counter circuit is use for counting Number of pulse . It is made by Flip-flops, we can say that counter circuit is group of flip-flops
Counter circuit is mainly divide in two types..
-Asynchronous
-Synchronous
Counter circuit is mainly divide in two types..
-Asynchronous
-Synchronous
Asynchronous counters are those whose output is free from the clock signal. Because the flip flops in asynchronous counters are supplied with different clock signals, there may be delay in producing output. And Synchronous counters are counters in which all the flip flops are triggered simultaneously by the clock input pulses .
●Binary Ladder:
A Binary Ladder Circuits is construct of resistors having only two values and thus overcomes the disadvantages of weighted resistors. The left end of the ladder is terminated in 2 R, Assuming that all digital inputs are at ground,
We can understand easily About binary Ladder by given figure
Binary decoder is a combination of logic circuit. It has multiple input and multiple output
which converts every unique combination of input states to a specific combination of output states.it converts binary information from the coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs. Decoder is converter to input signal in 2n and after all its digital output show on display. Decoder circuit is as demultiplexr it's final stage conversion of analog signal to digital signal .
which converts every unique combination of input states to a specific combination of output states.it converts binary information from the coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs. Decoder is converter to input signal in 2n and after all its digital output show on display. Decoder circuit is as demultiplexr it's final stage conversion of analog signal to digital signal .
● Process of analog to digital signal conversion :
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